|
|
The following excerpt from Robin Fox's The Search for Society astutely appraises the historical predicament of human society: |
|
|
In Religion In Human Evolution, Robert N. Bellah depicted (in the context of cosmological and biological evolution) a comparative world Big History of religion (ancient Israel, Greece, China, and India) in its earlier phases that first searches for the roots of ritual and myth in the natural evolution of our species, and then follows with social evolution of religion up to the Axial Age.
Bellah maintained that cultural evolution can be distinguished within mimetic, mythical, and theoretical conformations. The human capacity for religion originated in the earliest ritual gatherings involving emotion, music and dance, producing collective effervescence and shared narratives that imparted meaning within utilitarian existence. Then, as chiefs in due course vied with each other for rank, the length, expense, and impressiveness of ritual were eventually enmeshed with power and stratification. Archaic kingdoms imposed a sinister turn with terroristic rituals such as human sacrifices exalting the simultaneous power of gods and rulers. As societies became more complex and rulers acquired organization that relied more on administration and taxation than on sheer impressiveness and terror, religions moved towards an axial breakthrough into more abstract, universal and self-reflexive concepts, elevating the religious sphere above worldly goods and power, turning against cruelty and inequality, and creating ideals that promoted more just and humane societies.
|
|
In the early second millennium BCE, Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration. Their Vedic period (1500-500 BCE) was marked by the composition of the Vedas, large collections of hymns of these tribes. Their varna system, which evolved into the caste system, consisted of a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure. The pastoral and nomadic Indo-Aryans spread from the Punjab into the Gangetic plain, large swaths of which they deforested for agriculture usage. The composition of Vedic texts ended around 600 BCE, when a new, inter-regional culture arose. Small chiefdoms, or janapadas, were consolidated into larger states, or mahajanapadas, and a second urbanization developed. This urbanization was accompanied by the rise of ascetic movements giving rise to new religious concepts in Greater Magadha, including Jainism and Buddhism, which contended the growing influence of Brahmanism and the primacy of rituals, presided by Brahmin priests, that had come to be associated with Vedic religion. In response to the success of those movements, Vedic Brahmanism was synthesized with the preexisting religious cultures of the subcontinent, giving rise to Hinduism.
The Maurya Empire was established in the 4th century BCE by Chandragupta Maurya. Chanakya (Kautilya), who is credited for having played an important role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire, assisted Chandragupta in his rise to power. Chanakya also is attributed with authorship of the Arthashastra, and served as the chief advisor to both Chandragupta and Chandragupta's son Bindusara. In the aftermath of the Kalinga War, Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka converted to Buddhism. After Ashoka, the Maurya empire declined rapidly; in 180 BCE, Brihadratha Maurya was assassinated, giving rise to the subsequent Shunga Empire. The putative significance of the preceding historical synopsis of India is the historical relevance of its caste system (embodying an ensconced ideology of Varna/jāti) within the contemporary context of an incipient Great Reset:
|
||||
In Axial Age China, multiple philosophical cultures (Hundred Schools of Thought) - including Chinese Naturalism, Mohism, Logicians, Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism - developed during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. Three of the schools (with alternate interpretations of the nature of human beings, society, and the universe) acquired prominence and endured: Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism.
|
|
|
|
|
Eberhardt was born in Estonia (after his parents fled the horrors of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia). During his teenage years in Nazi Germany, he experienced World War II from the inside. In Chapter 9 ("The Tragedies of Ideology") of Who are We?, Eberhardt assessed the "The Worst Ideologies of the 20th Century":
|
|
|